The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 805 Words

The Great Gatsby F.Scott Fitzgerald was the author of the Great Gatsby.He was born on September 24,1896,in St.Paul Minnesota.Fitzgerald. In the 1917 he dropped out of the U.S. army. Fitzgerald wrote his first novel called The Romantic Egotist. Fitzgerald also was a second lieutenant infantry assigned to camp Sheridan. He fell in love with an 18- year girl named Zelda Sayre. He wanted to get a good career to convince Zelda to marry him. Few months later he Quit his job and went to St.Paul to rewrite his novel. The Great Gatsby was written by Fitzgerald in 1925. Fitzgerald got inspired by the book he wrote,about the parties and actually went to Long Island on the North shore. The Great Gatsby book is mostly about how a girl named Daisy fell in love with two different men. The Great Gatsby,written by Fitzgerald was published on April 10,1925. In the first year after writing the novel sold 20,000 copies.This novel put a big history on the Roaring Twenties in america society. It was a really good tale ab out the american dream. It’s in Long Island, North Shore in New York city during the summer of 1922. His third novel was the highest and had many people loving the novel. It was the Great Gatsby and won of the best novels he has ever written they say. The first movie came out in 1974.The newest movie came out in 2013. Fitzgerald became an alcoholic and Zelda, the one he fell in love with was jealous of him. They say he became an alcoholic after written about the novel of theShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human in stinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Should School Uniforms Be Banned - 1667 Words

Dressed for Success As my dad told me when I was little, â€Å"Schools should be schools, not fashion shows.† The debate as to whether there should be uniforms at school only began in the 20th century. In 1994, Long Beach California School District integrated school uniforms for all elementary and middle school students, in order to address safety issues challenging the district. According to the school district data, within one year of the implementation of uniforms, crime rates dropped by 91%, school suspensions dropped by 90%, sex offences dropped by 96 %, and vandalism dropped by 69%. (School Uniform Statistics). School uniforms may deny a student’s right to freely express themselves, however they have been proven to be beneficial. School uniforms are beneficial because they provide a safer, more successful and unified environment. Education professionals agree that a safe school environment is essential for learning to take place. The safer the environment, the more likely students will attend. In 2000, 12% of public schools required a uniform. Just 10 years later, in 2010, 19% of public schools required a uniform for their students (Are Uniforms Good For School Security Safety?). â€Å"By 2005 uniform adoption had more than quadrupled as it spread to 14% of public schools. Today, many large school districts have some schools that require students to wear uniforms.â€Å"(Gentile, Imberman). Nearly 20% of all public schools have adopted uniform mandates. Approximately 22% ofShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniforms Should Be Banned902 Words   |  4 PagesSchool uniforms Whether you re for them or against them, this hot debate refuses to go away. It s a great idea for school to have uniform because with uniform student can get the benefit of school. This can also bring out the positive impact of school dress code. Un iform is required because it bring out promotion for school safety. But there are others that don t think school you uniforms is required in public schools. Because of anti- individual s of freedom. Adding to that wearing school uniformRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?920 Words   |  4 Pagescoming under fire in an unlikely place like public high school classroom. This issue is school uniform. Should public high school students be allowed to make individual decisions about clothing, or should be required to wear a uniform? I think school uniforms are the better choice. Therefore, I believe that school uniforms should made compulsory in all high school classrooms for the following reasons. First, wearing school uniforms would help make students’ lives simpler. Students wouldRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1646 Words   |  7 PagesSchools with Uniforms Should students have to wear school uniforms? Schools are always debating whether or not schools should enforce students to wear uniforms, or if it should not be necessary for students to wear uniforms. There are many reasons on why wearing uniforms in school is an amazing idea. For example, when students go on field trips during a regular school day, they are required to use uniforms. This allows students to be located, so that a teacher, or any adult designated to watch overRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?983 Words   |  4 PagesShould Students Wear Uniforms One of the biggest debates is about the effectiveness or the use of uniforms in public schools. Should students in public schools have to wear school uniforms? For the past few years now; parents, students and schools have had a clash over the issue surrounding the school attire. Researchers are divided over the impact that wearing school uniforms have on the students, if any, and how it does affect their learning. Some view school uniforms as unfair while others viewRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1440 Words   |  6 PagesSchool uniforms began in the sixteenth century. England was the first to use school uniforms. The uniforms were for the poor children attending charity schools to distinguish them from the other students. Three hundred years later, better English schools were making the students wear school uniforms. The controversy for school uniforms in American schools began in the nineteen eighties (â€Å"History†, n.d.). Although school uniforms were foun d in private schools, in nineteen eighty seven the first publicRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?2190 Words   |  9 Pagesviews on whether or not students should have to wear school uniforms. There are many different reasons why students should and shouldn’t have to wear them. Whether it be in favor them due to less bullying, less pressure on what to wear in the morning, lower cost, less violence, the ability to recycle the uniforms, or the ability to prepare students for the real world. The people against them feel that they take away from the ability to freely express yourself, uniforms cost more upfront, there willRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Banned1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of school uniforms seems like an obsolete concept for many individuals. Unless a child goes to private school, it is not usually practiced by children and families. But around the world, trying school uniforms is the norm. Students studying in schools that require school uniforms normally perform very well educationally and seem happy wearing the same outfit daily. There are many benefits to wearing school uniforms that schools should force into their public schools. One of the biggestRead MoreArgument Against School Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1556 Words   |  7 PagesArgument Against School Uniforms My disagreement against school dress code is that public schools should not make the student go to school uniforms. Students should be able to wear any appropriate clothing they want to wear. School uniforms are not the way to be unsuccessful in education. School uniforms are a waste of time to have in a public school system. Teachers should make the students go home and change into school appropriate clothes. Public schools should give students a chance on what theyRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pages Hari Mainali South University School Uniform â€Æ' Abstract Freedom of dress is violated by restricting on school uniform. A school and university have their own dress code which does not require a particular dress. Some researcher and scholar suggest misbehavior in the student are the result of banning uniform. But misbehavior is what they acquired in their life. Banning uniform, student can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be able to focus on education and saveRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of School Uniforms791 Words   |  4 Pageshave the school uniform policy (research conducted in 2017). This means that one-fifth of the country’s students who are in school are not allowed to wear their own clothes. The statistics indicate that a majority of the United States disapprove of school uniforms since the percentage remains low. The topic about school uniforms has created two sides of the issue. Some believe that students should wear school uniforms to provide an equal learning environment. Those who oppose school uniforms believe

Perspectives On Play From Birth And Beyond -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Perspectives On Play From Birth And Beyond? Answer: Introducation This report is focused on the child for my case named Evangelina. The purpose and objective of this report is to gain complete analysis of the psychological functioning of the child Evangelina and the experiences of the child which are resulted. The report will facilitate the provision of the five recommendations which are related to the learning, development and play of the child(Fleer, 2016). Kids' encounters with peers by and large and their encounters inside stable associate gatherings were identified with singular contrasts in social capability with peers. Encounters with peers yet not with kin were related with expanded social capability with peers. Kids' dyadic companionship connections had a tendency to be kept up. Youngsters who remained in the companion gathering yet lost a huge extent of their companions on the grounds that their companions moved away demonstrated decreases in their recurrence of skilled social conduct with peers amid the ensuing year. This case study emphasis the child named Evangelina and her development of peer interaction in group play. This report benevolence my observations of Evangelina and her developing peer interaction in group play. This involved observing Angelina play while in a group of other students as well as the educator. Through observation, more information about Angelina especially on her peer interaction while she was involved in group play was easily gained. Observation is an important mtheod of gathering information about Angelina because it provided first-hand information that could be used in analysing how he acted and behaved while in the group play. This case study is quite important because it helps in not only getting a complete picture about Evangelina but it also helps in ascertaining clear perspectives about the psychological functioning as well as the experiences which led to the observation of the child. Observation of Evangelina is also quite essential because it will help me to apply viable recommendations that specifically apply to the child I was observing and in this case Evengelina. The selected topic for my case study is regarding theorising play. Theorizing play, according to Marilyn Fleer, refers to the concept of pedagogy along with the play in the early childhood in regards to the social interaction which has an integral part and role in the development of cognitive abilities. Development of cognitive abilities includes skills like proper use of language, proper decision making skills, problem solving capacity and skills to have effective thinking(Kultti Samuelsson, 2017). The objective of the selected topic in the context of focus on the child in my case study is that sheis foundto assistEvangelina in developing her skillsfor social development. Evangelina is 2 years and 8 months old. She is an Australian born Russian girl. Her mother came forRussia and father form Greek. She lives with her parents and speaks English very well. She is very confident and solitary play child. She has two step brothers but she meets with him sometime. She is only one child at home and doesnt have much social interaction with her cousins and siblings. Her mother is concerns about her behaviour, social development skills.Evangelina is the only child to stay at her home which cuts off any kind of opportunity to be with any of her siblings or cousins. This further restricts her interaction on the social front which could lead to the psychological development. It was further observed that her mother is also very much concerned regarding her psychological condition.The objective of the report is also focussed around having effective conversationswith the educators of the child in my case study anddevise ways in which the cognitive behaviour of thechi ld can be improved(LiljaBaaz, 2016). As Evangelina is foundto prefer to stay in isolation and not engage in having social interactionsand make friends, it is very much clear thatshe will not be undergoing any development in any of her career and social life in future of the condition is not correctedor given attention to at this tender age where it is in theinitial stage and corrective phase. Analysis of data and discussion: In the Toddler room of my working experience with different children and different educators, I have gained lots of knowledge and experience on how best to handle children and ensure that positive aspects are achieved out of their play with others and even when they are alone. I discussed about Evangelina with her different educators, how we can improve her social developmental skills. I therefore had to inquire form the educators the different strengths and interests that Evangelina had as she played with her colleagues so that we can develop good mechanisms that will play a crucial role in helping her have enhanced social development skills. As an educator I have to devise ways in which I can approach her for askingEvangelinaor providing her with the choices that she wouldwant us to follow. I have to go follow the principles of respectful, secure and reciprocal relationship while making or allowing any kind of approach for helping Evangelina develop her cognitive abilities(Stirrup, Evans Davies, 2017). Further, the other staff members alongwithme facilitate Evangelina getting involved with them in thechoicesof games and other creative activities which is preferred byEvangelina. She rarely happens to agree with thechoice of play of the educators which is very much respected and accepted by the educators.Evangelina would not get interested, rather setback andresist getting involved with otherchildren of her age and go out any play with group of kids of her age. Hence, she is made to play with her educators initially (LiljaBaaz, 2016). Analysis of 5 observations Observation enables us to see the development in children, what they are learning and what sustains their involvement (Hawkins in Jones, Evans Renken, 2001). There are different forms of observations. For the case study, I have chosen two different types of observations. The Running record, Anecdote and Running record focuses on one child and it records as what the child does and says as it happens. Anecdote records are written after the event. (Arthur, Beecher, Death, Docket and Farmer et al., 2005 Evangelinas plays as observed was prejudiced by Failure to understand the importance of water to living organisms was a great prejudice forEvangelina as evidenced in her questions to the educators. This implied that she with her colleagues did not understand in the first place as to why they were watering the water hence the input of her educators to explain as to why water was indeed essential for not only themselves but also to other living organisms as well. According to theobservationsthat were done by me in theplay classes, firstobservation was more so regarding Evangelinas behaviour whileplayingwith groups of children of her age.It was observed that whileplaying a fun game which was created by putting the chairs togetherand pretending like being on a car, Evangelina was sitting on the last seat and was pretending to put her seat belt in. On hearing the educator asking another child if she was at thebus stop, Evangelinawas found to drag an adult chair at the front of the chair arrangementsand pretended to be driving thebus. Shewas also found to be actively participating in thegame and acting as if she was steeringthe wheel. This showed thatshe was actively participating in playing games and even hastheinterest in leading the play group. She was also observed to useher previous knowledge and apply them in all thedramatic play which reflectedher very good memory recall. She was found tobe involved in group activity and be cooperative in the games with other children. She was found to enjoythe games as she was singing all along the game. Secondly, it was observed thatshe was using her creativity and imagination while playing outdoors in the sand. She used her creativity in making sand structures andwas getting involved inthe game actively with thechildren of her age playing with her. From thethird observation, it was even noticed thatshe enjoys eating. She shared the food table with the children of her ageand had developedthe fondness in sharing food. She was also found tobe playing indoor games actively with thechildren of her age. In the fourth observation, it was found that she has become very much comfortable in playing inthe company of tother children. She was found to be actively participating in various games. According to the fourth observation, Evangelina enthusiastically joined theactivity of planting plants and watering theses could very well mention the materialsthatare actually requiredforplantation. She was very eager to know why the plants need water for survival. According to the theory of learning of Vygotsky, having social interaction is very much required for the development, cognition and consciousness amongthechildren whichwould enhance thesocial behaviour and socialization of thechildren. This is very relevant to the case of Evangelina as she is ableto develop her cognitive ability with more participation and involvement in the children group of play. Having curiosity regarding any matter in childhood is a very naturalthing which refers to the scope and possibilities of providingvariousapproaches to develop the cognitive understanding regardingthe matter of watering the living creatureslike plants by Evangelina and her friend. It was observed that Evangelinawould need to be approached through the modes of creative imagination, whichcould be demonstrated by one example inwhichthe educatorsincluding me would take a sample of plant and show the experiment. The experiment would show that not watering the plants wouldresult them to die. In accordance to thetheory Vygotsky, social and cognitive developments are improvedthrough the approaches of friendshipwhich isbasically not preferred by Evangelina. She has to be made to develop cognitive skills along with her colleague whichwouldassist herin looking at things with different perspectives. The cognitive skills of Evangelina regarding the case of significance of watering the other living organisms can be demonstrated in an effective manner by various approaches. Therelevance ofthevarious theories come to play here as inaccordance to Piagets theory, children have certain abilities in acceptingtheviews and perspectivesof others. It was also observed that Evangelinawas able to understand the need of food and water inthe lives of humans through her own example. She wasable to understand that she feels like drinking waterwhen she feels thirsty which could be very well explained by her mother to her. However, in regards to other living beings, it was very difficultfor her to accept otherlivingorganisms which did not have any motion like plants to be included among living organisms (Fleer, 2016). Implications and Recommendations This implied that Evangelina was not well conversant with the importance of water for not only human life but also for other organisms as well. It was therefore important that future lesson and play highly focussed on helping her ascertain the importance of water for all the living organisms. It is therefore recommended that future play activities will focus on helping Evangelina and other learners to easily grasp the importance of water for all the living organisms. The future play activities need to be devised withthe respectfor diversity through which Evangelinaand her colleagues would be able to gain comprehensionregardingthe varietiesin the living creatures. The approaches and activities associated in providing the best comprehension to Evangelina would include the practices that would be in terms of ongoing learning objectives and should also have a reflective effect on Evangelina. The approaches that theeducatorswould devise for making Evangelinaunderstand regarding significan ce ofwatering the plants should be holistic in approach and should be in orientation of being responsive tothechildren (Stirrup, Evans Davies, 2017). The waysin whichEvangelina would be mad to understand the matter needs to focus on the learning environment which needs to beresonancewith the learning intention of the child.Theapproaches regarding developing thecognitive abilitiesof Evangelinaregarding thematter of significance of water in the other living organism need to be with the intention and objectiveof makingEvangelina more connected with the world and surround herself with more number of children of her age. The five specific strategies or recommendations to extend Evangelina learning, development and play are Time, Space, Supporting, Scaffolding and Materials. Time Children should be allowed or given extended periods of time to involve themselves deeply in activities. While the children are engaged in the certain activity, they should be encouraged and motivated in that activity. The educators need to be flexible and child-centred (Egle, 2005). When Evangelina is engaged in any activity, the educator should respond to this immediately and encourage her to play. Space We should consider the environment around us. Children need a space that is welcoming and inspiring. Linking to appendix 1, Evangelina was pretending to sitting in the bus. Uninspiring space affects the mood for both the children and the educators. The environment needs to have appropriate furniture, ventilation, attractive colors. It should not be overcrowded and also it needs to have enough space to leave unfinished work until the children can return to it (Egle, 2005). Supporting The educators needs to assist a child to play together with others. Educators can provide children with either a verbal or physical support when needed to support childrens learning and play (Arthur, Beecher, Death, Docket and Farmer et al., 2005). The educators could observe children and even asking them if they need any support from the educators in their play and learning. Linking to appendix 4 when Evangalina was in the sand pit, I supported Evangelina by making sand castle. Scaffolding The educators guide children to achieve something which they cannot do on their own. Through interactions, adults can promote challenge and complexity (Dockett and Fleer, 1999). According to Vygotsky, such interactions can generate a zone of proximal development (ZPD). It is defined as the distance between what a child has a potential to do something or achieve something on their own and the potential development the child can achieve in collaboration with others (Vygotsky, 1978). Materials Children value materials if they have helped in collecting them, selecting, organising, sorting and arranging them. Most of the materials could be gathered from the natural environment. The educators should involve children in gathering materials from the natural environment. As this will not be costly for them (Egle, 2005). To conclude, social interaction has a major role in cognitive development. As we can see that cognitive development has certain skills which a child should be developing in their play and learning. For Evangelina being shy has affected in some of her play experiences. Play is always there and it cannot be ignored. Children will be able to identify play either by looking or involving themselves in to play. Through play children develop skills and knowledge on their current knowledge.Evangelina has spent some of her time by just watching her peers play until the arrival of her friend. Through positive involvement from the educators Ellie was developing her social skills. This ongoing support from the educators will develop Evangelina s social skills. Educators are seen as the major person in a childs life to help or support the children in their development and learning. References Arthur, L., Beecher, B., Death, E., Docket, S., Farmer, S. (2005). Programming and Planning in early childhood settings (3rded.). South Melbourne: Victoria, Australia. Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (2009). Belonging, being, becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia. Canberra, ACT. Bottcher, L. (2012). Using the child perspective to support children with severe impairments in becoming active subjects, in Hedegaard, M., Arronsson, A., Hojholt, A., Skjaer, O. (eds), Children and everyday life: childrens perspective, Charlote, NC: Information Age Publishing, pp. 161-78. Berk, L. E. (2006). Child Development: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon Bredikyte, M. (2010). Psychological tools and the development of play, Journal of cultural historical psychology, vol 4, pp. 11-16. Dockett, S., Fleer, M. (1999). Play and pedagogy in early childhood, Harcourt Brace, Sydney. Egle, C. (2005). A practical guide to working with children. Croydon, Victoria: Tertiary Press. Hakkarainen, P. (2006). Learning and developmental in play, in J Einarsdottir JT Wagner eds), Nordic childhoods and early education: philosophy, research, policy, and practice in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, Charlotte: Information Age. pp. Fleer, M. (2016). Theorising Digital Play: A Cultural-Historical Conceptualisation of Children's Engagement in Imaginary Digital Situations.International Research in Early Childhood Education,7(2), 75-90. Vygotsky, L. S. (2005). Psychology of preschool children. Journal of Russian and east European psychology. vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 90-7 Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society:The development of higher psychological process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Kultti, A., Samuelsson, I. P. (2017).Toys and the Creation of Cultural Play Scripts.InMultidisciplinary Perspectives on Play from Birth and Beyond(pp. 217-230).Springer Singapore. Lilja, M., Baaz, M. (2016). Theorising Peace-building resistance: constructions of time and different temporalities at play in the PreahVihear Temple conflict.European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology,3(4), 426-446. Stirrup, J., Evans, J., Davies, B. (2017).Learning ones place and position through play: social class and educational opportunity in Early Years Education.International Journal of Early Years Education, 1-18.

Jellybeans free essay sample

Prompt: What do you consider your finest trait? As I sit here at this desk trying to conjure words with meanings parallel in intensity to those of Robert Frost the only words that come to mind are those my stomach is speaking. Like a boat that isn’t tied to the dock, my brain begins to drift. Lethargically my hands float to the surface, slipping over ripples of wood into the desk drawer. They brush over the cellulosic fibers of unvarnished oak to grasp a Ziploc bag labeled Jelly Beans. I begin to pick out all of the Wild Cherry, Peachy Pie, and Bubblegum Candy Floss from the bag; one by one flicking them into the trash bin. I eat only my favorite flavor bean: Passion Fruit. People often say that we tend to like what we can relate to and in this case it’s true. Ever since I was young I have strived for independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Jellybeans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have been blessed with a moderately sized family containing adoring parents and a big brother and sister. Being the runt of the family I was forced to jostle for a spot in every activity. If my two siblings were doing it, I wanted to, and if they weren’t then, well, I wanted to be the first to. This sibling rivalry provoked a passion for competition that I would apply to all endeavors. I remember the day I learnt to swim. I was three years old and my sister was five. We both jammed pre-inflated swim floaties and Disney princess beach towels into our Honda car trunk and went for a family adventure to the clubs swimming pool. At the bottom of the Olympic-sized pool was a tile mural of a Goliath orange-scaled fish with deathly black shining eyes, which would make even the bravest David drop his stones and run. When we arrived, I dashed to the bathroom to put on my bathing suit since I hadn’t geared up like everyone else before piling into the car. After I slipped into my sparkly Arial swimming suit I sprinted back to the pool to find everyone splashing around in the cool blue water. My arm floaties were still back in the car trunk so I made a spontaneous decision; I hurled my tiny body into the pool. I sank. My sister bobbed in the shallow end of the pool in her Pooh Bear floaties awe struck. Thankfully my brother dragged me out of the pool before I osmosis had its way. For the next couple weekends I persisted and eventually I was touching the fish mural on the bottom of the pool and teaching my big sister how to swim. That experience taught me I could never be satisfied in floaties I don’t want to float through life I want to dive into it.

iGE iPhone app review - Emphasis

iGE iPhone app review iGE iPhone app review Apple boasts that there are now more than 500,000 iPhone apps available. Some are useful, and some less so (we particularly love the virtual stapler). But which camp does University College London’s Interactive Grammar of English (iGE) app fall into? For many, grammar is an alien and intimidating world of confusing concepts and unlikely vocabulary; a world they would rather avoid. But for anyone who relies on language, is there really a choice? As the app wisely states on its welcome page: ‘Quite simply, if we know how English works, then we can make better use of it.’ A logical progression The iGE is both a reference guide and an interactive course, beginning at word classes and building up logically through phrases, clauses and sentences to form, function and further reading. UCL linguistics experts developed it using research from their Survey of English Usage (SEU). The exercises use text taken from SEU’s million-word database of spoken and written English. This means the example sentences are somewhat more realistic than your typical grammar textbook (one can show only so much interest in where an aunt keeps her stationery). There is also an extensive glossary. Apparently the target market is school, college and university students, as well as learners of English as a second language. UCL Professor and Director of SEU Bas Aarts says: ‘The SEU team have developed the app in response to students and teachers who say that many existing learning tools †¦ often fail to meet their English language learning needs.’ Hold on to your hat Perhaps the worst that could be said of the resulting program is that, after it has met those needs, it promptly gallops off to a more highbrow party. On first use, the app almost feels too comprehensive. And for anyone who finds grammar daunting, it could be a little overwhelming. (Ever wanted to know the difference between syndetic and polysyndetic coordination? Well, you can find out here ) Throughout the course, technical terms are hyperlinked to their entry in the glossary, as well as to dropdown menus of related words and subjects. While cross-referencing is undoubtedly useful, the extent of it means you can easily become sidetracked amid the many layers (imagine a Russian doll of the population of Russia) and lose track of where you began. The overall verdict This aside (and it does feel churlish to complain of being given too much information), the app is intuitive to use and explains terms clearly. And you can take your time getting to grips with each part, as it will hold your place when you exit. Just a couple of notes of caution: it’s probably best to follow the course from the beginning rather than diving right into the hyperlinks and labyrinthine glossary, or you risk feeling like Alice being swallowed up by the rabbit hole. Still, if – like her – you can learn to just fall in and embrace it, you will probably also end up emerging somewhat wiser, if a little bit dazed. Score: ****

Henry VIII persue new foreign policies Essay Example

Henry VIII persue new foreign policies Essay Example Henry VIII persue new foreign policies Paper Henry VIII persue new foreign policies Paper Essay Topic: History When accessing how far Henry VIII pursued new foreign policies in the period 1509-1514, it is important to take into account the idea of change and continuity. Henry VII established some very strong and clear foreign policies, however Henry VIII wanted to very much distance himself from his fathers work and ethos. It is essential to look at the policies that Henry VIII changed and the reasons behind this, but also whether he kept any of his fathers strategies. It is vital to remember that many factors contributed to the characters of both Henry VII and Henry VIII. I will continuously focus on the theme of their childhood and upbringing, and how these factors may have contributed to their behaviour in adulthood, and how well they were prepared for the role of a king. Henry VII was perceived as a miserly character, whose enigmatic and distant nature caused him to be disliked by many. He was, however, very independent and was governed by none, which ensured that everything was overlooked by him. Similarities between Henry VIII and his father were that they were both good at networking and highly intelligent. On the other hand, Henry VIII enjoyed spending his money on the nobility and lavishing himself with a hedonistic lifestyle. In my opinion, this major difference stemmed from the fact that their upbringing was so different. Henry VII grew up and gained training as a king not only in a studious way, but he also had the chance to experience court politics and learn through gossip and observations. His mother was a great influence over him, and she fully supported her sons political interests. Henrys uncle, Jasper Tudor, was the only constant figure in his life, and always gave Henry stability, loyalty and a political role model. Henry VII fought for the crown, against the Yorkist king Richard III, at the Battle of Bosworth. He had a fierce determination to become king, and become secure dynastically. Henry VIII on the other hand, was guarded against the exposure of having to take responsibility. His older brother Arthur was expected to be heir to the throne, and therefore Henry was untrained as king and left to enjoy his youth. I believe that this is very influential over the methods in which Henry VIII dealt with the decisions of a king, especially when concerning foreign policies. Henry VII believed that securing the throne was the most important contribution that he could make, as did Henry VIII. However the way in which they went about doing this differed. Henry VII always maintained a peace policy. He realised quite rightly that foreign relationships had to be secure, in order to decrease the chances of being attacked and overthrown. Henry VII used peace treaties to his advantage. He ensured that Britain became a nuisance to France, and so France was forced into having to sign the Treaty of Etaples, if they wanted to get rid of Henry and his army. This helped Henry greatly, as the treaty meant that war was avoided with one of Englands closest neighbours. Henry also signed the Treaty of Medina del Campo, which promoted peace between England and Spain. Henry was very much aware of the importance of these treaties, as they encouraged trade, protected pretenders and most importantly, improved the relations between foreign countries. Henry VII realised that a strong king coincided with the idea of a rich king, and so a peace policy meant a cutting down on the expenses of war. Henry VIII was opposed to his fathers idealistic view on foreign policy. Even though Henry VIII wanted to secure the throne to provide a reassuring and safe life for his heirs, he went about seeking to provide this in a different manner. He wanted glory. He wanted to be seen as the warrior king. I believe that this is where the influence of his childhood is most significant. Henry VIII was brought up with the idea that past family members, in particular Henry V, were extremely victorious in wars. This affected Henry so much, that not only did he want a parallel glory to Henry V, but he also commissioned a translation of a book about Henry Vs early life. Henry VIII was also made aware of the fact that it was only 80 years since Henry VI had been crowned king of France, which meant that according to him, he rightfully inherited the French crown. Unlike his fathers peace policy, Henry believed in a more traditional interventionist policy. Henry wanted prestige and military glory, which he gained when winning the battle of the spurs. This was very successful through Henrys eyes, as it was the first territorial gain in France for 75 years, and did much to heighten his popularity. Henry persued this idea of being militarily successful, but I do not believe he achieved this. Henry was in France whilst James IV was victorious at Flodden, which made Henrys gains become overshadowed by James IV victory in England. Even though this was a victory for England, it is questionable as to whether it was a victory for Henry. The treasury became bankrupt and to maintain territorial gains would result in great financial cost. However, Henry was mainly concerned about his reputation, and instead of being cautious with finance, spent his money lavishly. In fact, the war with France (1512-1524) cost i 892,000, a startlingly large amount during the Tudor period. This clearly shows how determined he was to persue a new foreign policy of military power a foreign policy that was completely set apart from his fathers. To ensure the throne was as protected as possible, Henry VII was very adamant that it would be arranged for his son, Prince Arthur, to marry the king of Spains daughter. Henrys eldest daughter, Margaret, married James IV of Scotland, which was intended to bring future peace between Scotland and England, both renowned for being traditional enemies. Henry himself also married Elizabeth of York, a woman who was a Yorkist. This enabled him to reduce the possibility of future Yorkist claims to the throne, which was significantly important after the War of Roses. Henry VIII was slightly more reckless with his heart. Even though he aimed to carry on his legacy, he had in total six wives. He viewed the point of marriage as being able to produce legitimate heirs to the throne, however unlike his father, he enjoyed courting and charming the women in his life. This could possibly be because not only did women constantly surround him, but also his bedroom was also next to his fathers and 100 servants. This undoubtedly allowed him to witness many things and possibly shape his strange outlook on women, as well as put his own interests first, above the idea of marrying for dynastic security. On the other hand, he did marry Catherine of Aragon (though this was his fathers idea) which he understood was necessary. I believe in this way he persued and maintained this element of foreign policy, and continued his fathers ideas on the importance of international relations through marriage. The nobility affected Henry VIIIs decisions towards foreign policy. They supported his policy of aggression, and were determined to go to war. Henry was generous with patronage, and gained the nobilitys support through a subtle form of bribery. The nobility welcomed this, as it was a large difference to the way that Henry VII treated them. Henry VII through the learned council was very harsh with bonds and recognaisances. He did not want the nobility becoming strengthened, and so held back with patronage. He used Empson and Dudley to collect taxes from the nobility. Henry VIII changed this policy by executing Empson and Dudley, the two men that worked so closely with his father. This gained a lot of respect with the nobility and clearly signified the fact that his way of ruling, and deciding upon policies was opposite to his father. Henry VIIIs need to persue new foreign policies, and in fact domestic policies, stem from the fact that he could see how unpopular his fathers way of ruling was. It is thought that Henry VII was hanging by a thread, and by the end of his rule was not at all secure. Henry VIII wanted to distance himself from this, and expectations were upon him to act differently to his father. He persued foreign polices that were dissimilar to Henry VIIs, and, apart from the idea of continuing and securing the Tudor dynasty through arranged marriages, every other policy was a contrast. I believe that this is due not only to society expectations at the time, but also Henry VIII had clear expectations for himself from an early age. Growing up in the shadow of his older brothers legacy may have been difficult for Henry, and so when he was given the power, he used it to the maximum, always with full determination, sometimes with naivety. As a child, he was constantly thinking of the past generations, and their glory and patriotism, and how they were respected and adored, usually due to their military connections. It is no surprise that Henry VIII persued the foreign policies that he did. Regardless of whether they were successful or not, he did everything in his power to follow his own path, and neglect his fathers legacy.

Report on EGG bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report on EGG bank - Essay Example According to this reform, banks are required increase their amount of capital in order to support their activities. Banks are still unsure how strong the reforms will be and what will be its affects. The credit crunch has also had its affect on the UK banking sector. Bank of England is slightly changing its monetary policy as a means of quantitative easing hoping that the economic conditions would become better. UK is also working in close collaborations with China in order to develop the financial and capital markets. Many jobs have been lost due to economic slowdown that has had a huge impact on the thinking and the demand of the population. People are now looking away from the banks as they have no means of re-payments of loans from the banks. Also many people are indifferent to the products that are offered by the banks and are looking for some better options in which they could invest. Technological breakthroughs are occurring all over the world and not just in UK. The banks that were operating offline are now establishing themselves over the internet offering more products for different segments than they were doing in their offices. The rapid progression of banks on the internet has introduced a new banking industry called e-banking. Banks are now fighting to capture more target markets than their competition by means of heavy online and offline marketing. The legal issues concerning the banking industry is where they would invest people’s money as the customers demand details and guarantee on their returns. The paper work and documents on the customers’ information as well as the banks’ information is now of vital importance before entering into any type of transaction due to increased fraudulent activities. Banks are deriving their campaigns toward green and friendly environment as a means of attracting new potential

Cybercrime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Cybercrime - Essay Example The most feared setback in computer technology is cyber crime (Ross 2010). Cybercrime is a criminal activity that is done through the use of computers and the internet as a tool to target a victim. This illegal activity involves downloading illegal music files to the theft of millions of dollars from online banking systems. It also involves non-monetary crimes such as distributing and creating viruses on other computers or even the posting of confidential business information and data on the internet. On the other hand, cyber crime is classified into three different groups (Kiesbye 2012). This occurs among the government and a business entity through the use of unauthorized access over the computer system without knowing the owner. It is also meant to send programs with the aim of crashing the computer system virus trafficking software. Cybercrime has developed to become one of the fastest growing areas of crime. An increasing number of criminals have been exploiting the convenience, speed and anonymity that the modern technologies offer so as to commit a diverse range of criminal activities. Moreover, the world’s nature of internet usage has given criminals an opportunity to commit any criminal activity any place around the globe. This has made it important for each and every country to adapt domestic offline to detect and cover crimes committed out in cyberspace. In recent years, cybercrime has evolved. In the past it was committed by small groups or by individuals. Nowadays, there has been an emerging trend where traditional organized crime syndicates and criminal minded technology experts working in hand in combining their resources and expertise (Stefoff 2009). There are two types of cybercrime. They are cybertheft and cybervandalism. Cybertheft is the activity of using the internet to steal property or interference with another person’s enjoyment of resources through computers for making illegal

Work Family Conflict Essay Example for Free

Work Family Conflict Essay Consequences Associated With Work-to-Family Conflict: A Review and Agenda for Future Research Tammy D. Allen, David E. L. Herst, Carly S. Bruck, and Martha Sutton University of South Florida A comprehensive review of the outcomes associated with work-to-family conflict was conducted and effect sizes were estimated. A typology was presented that grouped outcomes into 3 categories: work related, nonwork related, and stress related. Issues concerning the measurement of workfamily conflict were also discussed. The results demonstrate the widespread and serious consequences associated with work-to-family conflict. On the basis of the results of the review, an agenda for future research was provided. Striking changes in the nature of families and the workforce, such as more dual-career couples and rising numbers of working mothers with young children, have increased the likelihood that employees of both genders have substantial household responsibilities in addition to their work responsibilities (Bond, Galinsky, Swanberg, 1998; Gilbert, Hallett, Eldridge, 1994). These radical changes have prompted considerable research related to work and family issues. The topic of work-family conflict has been of particular conflict interest. Recent research indicates that 40% of employed parents experience work-family at least some of the time 1993). Moreover, (Galinsky, Bond, Friedman,  Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, and Rosenthal (1964) suggested that work-family conflict is a type of interrole conflict in which role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible to some degree. That is, work-family conflict occurs when demands associated with one domain are Kopelman, incompatible with demands associated with the other domain (Greenhaus Buetell, 1985; Greenhaus, Connolly, 1983). Although early  research treated work-family conflict primarily as a unidimensional construct, recent research (Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1992) suggests that it is reciprocal in nature, in that work can interfere with family (work-to-family conflict; WFC) and family can interfere with work (family-to-work conflict; FWC). WFC and FWC are generally considered distinct but related constructs. Research to date has primarily investigated how work interferes or conflicts with family. Outcomes associated with excessive work interference with family include job dissatisfaction, job burnout, turnover, depression, life dissatisfaction, and marital dissatisfaction (e.g., Adams, King, King, 19%; R. J. Burke, 1988; Frone et al., 1992; Greenhaus Beutell, 1985; Netemeyer, Boles, McMurrain, 1996; Thomas Ganster, 1995). Despite the rapidly growing body of literature examining WFC, few efforts have been made to review empirical findings. Over a decade ago, Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) reviewed the studies that had investigated sources or antecedents of WFC. More recently, Kossek and Ozeki (1998) conducted a meta-analysis examining the relationship between WFC and two specific outcomes: job satisfaction and life satisfaction. Kossek and Ozekis work was much needed and an informative addition to the literature. However, there are many additional outcome variables that have been empirically related to WFC that were not included in Kossek and Ozekis study. The  Galinsky et al. reported that workers who started a new job within the past 2 years stated that the effect of the job on family life was second in importance to open communications when formulating their decision to accept the job. Likewise, Galinsky, Johnson, and Friedman (1993) cited a study conducted by the New York Times indicating that 83% of working mothers and 72% of working fathers reported experiencing conflict between their job demands and their desire to spend more time with their families. These findings underscore the importance of the topic of work-family conflict to both organizations and employees. Tammy D. Allen, David E. L. Herst, Carly S. Bruck, and Martha Sutton, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida. Aprevious version of this article was presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia. We thank Mark L. Poteet, Lillian T. Eby, and Paul E.  Specter for their helpful comments regarding various aspects of this article. Correspondence concerning this article should he addressed to Tammy D. Allen, University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, BEH 339, Tampa, Florida 33620-8200. Electronic mail may he sent to [emailprotected]  purpose of the present article is to fill this void in the literature. This review provides a comprehensive summary and evaluation of empirical research of the outcomes associated with WFC, including an organizing framework and suggestions for future research. An extensive review is needed for several reasons, One area of concern is the l imited amount of integration in the field. The work and family research arena is fractionated because of diverse types of individuals working in it. For example, individuals working in disciplines such as psychology, sociology, business, and social work have contributed to work and family research. This tends to lead to an emphasis on different issues (e.g., sociologists are more concerned with family-related outcomes, whereas organizational psychologists are more concerned with work-related outcomes) without an examination of similar work in other disciplines. As noted by Russell (1991), implications associated with fractionation and isolation are that progress in research and practice is not systematic or integrated. Separate, disjointed theories may develop across fields as a result. This limits the progress that could be made by taking a broader, more integrative perspective that builds on previous research. By providing a summary of existing research organized under one framework, we hope that researchers from various disciplines will become more familiar with one anothers work, facilitating the integration of findings from various subfields and subsequent theory building. Additionally, a comprehensive review of the area should help clarify and underscore the widespread negative effects of WFC. A better understanding of these effects might aid in efforts to manage the work and family interface. Moreover, highlighting the dysfunctional and socially costly effects  associated with WFC may help convince policymakers of the need to provide interventions that can help mitigate WFC. For clarity and parsimony, our article is restricted to a review of the outcomes associated with work-tofamily conflict (WFC). In some cases, results were reported in which researchers combined WFC with FWC or asked about work and family conflict in general. Those cases are noted in the review. This review is divided into four major sections. First, the criteria used to identify articles for the review and to conduct statistical analyses are briefly described. Second, we examine issues concerning the measurement of WFC. Third, we present the results of our review for the three categories of outcomes followed by a summary and suggestions for additional research for each. Finally, a general discussion of findings and future research are provided. Method Relevant articles were identified through manual and computer searches. Computerized searches were conducted through PsycLJT and OVID information bases using the key words work and family conflict.11 A manual search was conducted of all articles published from 1977 through 1998 in Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision-Making Processes, and Academy of Management Journal. Additionally, the reference list of each identified article was manually cross-checked for other potential articles. Attempts were also made to locate articles that used slightly different terms such as interrole conflict and multiple role stress1 to refer to WFC. Our criteria for inclusion in the review were twofold. One, WFC had to be a quantitatively measured variable in the study. Thus, we eliminated articles that were not empirical. Two, the study had to measure the relations hip between WFC and one or more variables that could theoretically be considered outcomes of WFC. This eliminated articles that focused solely on sources or antecedents of WFC. It should be noted at this point that the majority of studies in the work and family arena have been cross-sectional in nature, precluding firm causal inferences regarding the direction of the relationships studied. For the purposes of the present review, we included variables that seemed more reasonable or plausible as outcomes of WFC rather than as causes. It is not  our intention to infer that reverse causality is not feasible. A total of 67 articles were located that fit these criteria. Statements regarding significance are based on the zeroorder bivariate correlation between WFC and the outcome variable reported in each study. Except where noted otherwise, relationships cited in text are in the expected direction (e.g., greater WFC was associated with less job satisfaction). Figure 1 provides a framework of the variables included in the study. To provide an estimate of the effect size associated with each of the relationships reviewed, we followed meta-analytic procedures described in Rosenthal (1991). Both unweighted and weighted by sample size average correlations were computed. Only studies that included a zero-order bivariate correlation between WFC and another variable were included in these analyses. In circumstances in which a study involved a sample that was a subset of the same sample used in another study, the study with the largest sample was included in die analysis. An exception was made if sample selection criteria were clearly different. If a study assessed several specific indices of WFC (conflict between parent and worker and conflict between spouse and worker) these were combined to form a general assessment of WFC. A similar approach was used in analyzing several outcome variables. For example, if a .study examined overall mental health and psychological distress, the correlations were combined for the statistical analyses. In studies in which separate correlations were reported for different subgroups (e.g., male vs. female; single-earner vs. dual-earner), the correlation for each subgroup was weighted by sample size and combined. For consistency purposes, we reversed the sign of the correlation in cases such as when a high score on the WFC measure.

The Language of Machines :: Technology Communication Essays

The Language of Machines Computers are language machines. By saying this I mean both that language processing is a valuable metaphor for understanding computer computation and that, in a fundamental way, computer computation is language processing; no more, no less. The language understood by a modern computer when it first comes off the assembly line is quite simple. The alphabet of this language consists of two letters, 0 and 1 (or a and b or any other two characters, it doesn't matter), which is stored internally as two intensities of an electrical signal (either high or low). The grammar of this language has two rules: (1) Sentences consist of one word and (2) Words are all of a single specified length (probably either 16 or 32 characters). This computer knows in two ways. It knows what every word in the language means (i.e., what action to perform upon reading that word, information which is stored in the design of the processor), and it knows all of the words it has stored in memory. Each time a comput er reads a sentence (executes a command), a change results in memory, dependent on what the sentence says and what is already in memory. Modern computers are Turing machines (named after the British mathematician Alan Turing), which means that they are language machines which can simulate other language machines. In other words, given a special type of text to read (a program), a Turing machine that understands the simple language described above (for example) can act as if it understands a much more complicated language. This is why modern computer keyboards have more than just 0's and 1's on them. A modern computer comes complete with many virtual computers built on top of it, so to speak, enabling the computer to understand much more complex (although mathematically equivalent) higher-level languages. These are mathematical languages, of course; they have much more rigid structure and precise meaning than natural languages. They lack in many ways what Derrida calls "play." But must they? Is there an intrinsic fundamental difference between mathematical and natural languages, or is the difference instead that we hav e more control over mathematical languages because we know their rules and can understand the system in which they work, while with natural languages we know neither, because we are not in conscious control of their creation and we can not fully grasp how they operate in society and in our heads?

Padini SWOT Report Essay

Padini is a leading brand in Malaysia. There are wide range in style and pricing of the brands that PADINI carry on. Padini carries SEED, VINCCI, MikiHouse, P&Co, PDI, Padini Authentic and more. Their products not just stylish yet also neutral which is suitable for all type of consumers. Padini having more than 330 retail outlets in Malaysia and around the world of Padini Holding Berhad. Within these a lot of retail outlet, Padini is making sure that they are unbreakable for their competitors. We can found Padini outlet almost every shopping centre. Padini is among the famous brand established since 1971 in Malaysia. It strategically located factors and warehouses to ensure they having wide market coverage in Malaysia. Beside that, Padini always ensure the quality of their products is in higher aspect for their brand and in ouse brands under them, having good quality control. They also ensure their products is suitable for all ages of consumers, like Mikihouse selling child and mater nity wear, VINCCI selling lady accessories. The weakness of Padini Holding Berhad is the profit is unstable. The consumers spending the budget on garment are depending on the season. In Malaysia, the profit will be at the highest peak where there is festival season like Chinese New Year or Hari Raya. Another weakness of Padini is they have no online shopping website. For customer, they can just buy Padini’s product in stores which is not very convenient for the customer especially everyone are busy on working nowadays, they may have no free time to shopping. It also not all the customer is living in the city and near to shopping centre. Actually Padini can using the power as market leadership to expand their business. As a market leader in the retail business, Padini having a huge power and opportunity to expand their business to next level. Padini also can open more branches to cover loss of potential online customer. So far, Padini consider as a famous brand in retail business which is clothing, lady accessories, shoes, children’s and maternity wear and more. Within this areas of business, potential customer is more interested in window shopping rather than online shopping. We think it is a good strategy for PADINI to open more branches in order to attract their customers. Those improvement also will bring threats to Padini Holding Berhad. It will increase competition while they open more branches and expand their business. Competition is appear where there are numerous other brands which operate at the same location as Padini. The other brands compete not only for market share and floor space.Even though Padini have no celebrity endorsement, Padini still manage to be the led brand in Malaysia. So it means. the power of Padini this brand itself is powerful enough to cover the treats in the business. To strengthen their brand, Padini should consider offering a celebrity endorsement.

Online Shopping Essay

Online shopping has become a popular shopping method ever since the internet has declared a takeover. There are many individuals that are looking for other amazing alternatives shopping and online shipping is just the fix for that. There are many advantages of online shopping; this is the reason why online stores are a booming business today. If there are advantages, most likely there will be disadvantages. Despite the success of purchasing through online shopping stores, there are still some disadvantages that most people complain about. The advantages There are many advantages of internet shopping, firstly is it save time. Do you have the specific list that you want to buy? With just a couple of clicks of the mouse, you can purchase your shopping orders and instantly move to other important things, which can save time. Second is save fuel. The market of fuel industries battles from increasing and decreasing its cost every now and again, but no matter how much the cost of fuel are it does not affect your shopping errands. One of the advantages of shopping online is that there is no need for vehicles, so no purchase of fuel necessary. Third is save energy. We admit it, it is tiresome to shop from one location and transfer to another location. What is worse is that there are no available stocks for the merchandise you want to buy. In online shopping, you do not need to waste your precious energy when buying. Forth is comparison of price, the advanced innovation of search engine allows you to easily check prices and compare with just a few clicks. It is very straightforward to conduct price comparisons from one online shopping website to another. This gives you the freedom to determine which online store offers the most affordable item you are going to buy. Fifth is available in any time. Online shopping stores are open round the clock of 24/7, 7 days a week and 365 days. It is very rare to find any conventional retail stores that are open 24/7. The availability of online stores give you the freedom to shop at your own pace and convenience. Sixth is no need to waiting in lines. When buying items online, there are no long lines you have to endure, just to buy your merchandise. The idea of shopping online is cutting down those bad habits of standing in a long line and just waiting. Every online store is designed with unique individual ordering features to purchase the item. Lastly is easy to search merchandise you want to buy. You are able to look for specific merchandise that includes model number, style, size, and colour that you want to purchase. In addition, it is easy to determine whether the products are available or out of stock. The disadvantages There are few disadvantages of internet shopping despite of advantages. Firstly is personally check the item. If you are one of those shoppers who want to touch, see, and test the product personally, at online shopping, you are not able to do so. Online stores are only showing product description and photos of the merchandise, which can be a disadvantage for many online shoppers. Second is diminished instant satisfaction. Unlike buying at retail stores, you are able to use the product instantly after you buy it, which can be satisfying. However, online shopping requires patience to wait for the item to arrive at your door step about 2 to 3 days or even longer depending on the location you’ve ordered it from.

Process Model of the Transformation of Goods and services produces a business model

Process Model of the Transformation of Goods and services produces a business model Many people in the workforce, including those in management positions, have no concept of how operational systems interact with systems models. When maximizing usage of an effective systems model is utilized, the ability to maximize productive output in a streamlined operational system with happy workers is often much more attainable. The intention of this paper is to distinguish what a systems model is and how it is used in an operational system.Through research found in the automotive industry, I have identified 7 basic components (AMS, 1) necessary to maintain an effective operational system in the automotive industry. They are listed because they appear to be generic to be applied to many other types of companies rather than just limiting them to the automotive industry.1)Clearly Stated Expectations2)Established and Communicated Standards3)Communicated Policies4)Provided/Listed Resources5)Coached Activities6)Help Ensure Consistency7)Provide the Basis for trainingTo relate these f undamentals to the content of the week 4 lecture, I have 'borrowed' the illustration included from the lecture notes pertaining to knowledge as a system.Cranial Facial Pumpkin Model Competition GVSU SLP ...It appeared that this figure could help to define some of the core components of what an operational system is and some of the steps that relate back to the Automotive Management Systems content.According to the figure presented in the week 4 lecture notes, a model might appear as follows:The four points on the illustration are:1)Learn, Create, Discover, Acquire2)Transform into goods services3)Harvest, Product, Sell, Consume4)Innovation: breathing new life into existing technologies, goods and servicesNow, to come full circle and relate this back to the AMS content it is important to realize that the AMS content is related to the successful techniques associated with the optimization of the transformation process.

Laurie Halse Anderson - Award Winning Young Adult Author

Laurie Halse Anderson - Award Winning Young Adult Author When Laurie Halse Anderson was Born: October 23, 1961 in Potsdam, New York Her Background: Anderson grew up in Northern New York and from an early age loved to write. She attended Georgetown University and graduated with a degree in languages and linguistics. After graduation she worked several different jobs including cleaning banks and working as a stockbroker. Anderson did some writing as a freelance reporter for newspapers and magazines and worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer. She published her first book in 1996 and has been writing ever since. Anderson is married to Scot Larabee and together they have four children. (Source: Scholastic) Laurie Halse Anderson’s Books: Anderson’s writing career is prolific. She’s written picture books, fiction for young readers, nonfiction for young readers, historical fiction, and young adult books. Here are some of her most well-known books for teens and tweens. Speak (Speak, 2006. ISBN: 9780142407325) Read Speak Review Twisted (Speak, 2008. ISBN: 9780142411841) Fever, 1793 (Simon and Schuster, 2002. ISBN: 9780689848919) Prom (Puffin, 2006. ISBN: 9780142405703) Catalyst (Speak, 2003. ISBN: 9780142400012) Wintergirls (Turtleback, 2010. ISBN: 9780606151955) Chains (Atheneum, 2010. ISBN: 9781416905868) Forge(Atheneum, 2010. ISBN: 9781416961444) For a complete list of all her books, including out of print books, visit the Laurie Halse Andersons  Web site. Awards and Recognition: Anderson’ s award list is long and continues to grow. Besides being a New York Times bestselling author and having her books listed multiple times on the American Library Association’s many teen lists, she has received starred reviews from the Horn Book, Kirkus Reviews, and School Library Journal. Her most prestigious awards are the following: Speak 1999 National Book Award Finalist2000 Printz Honor bookEdgar Allan Poe Award Finalist Chains   2008 National Book Award Finalist2009 Scott O’Dell Award for Historical Fiction   Catalyst  Ã‚     2002 Odyssey Book Award   (Source: Authors 4 Teens Web site) In 2009 Anderson received the American Library Association’s Margaret A. Edwards Award for significant and lasting achievement in young adult literature. The award focused specifically on Anderson’s books Speak, Fever 1793, and Catalyst. Censorship and Banning Controversies: Some of Anderson’s books have been challenged based on their content. The book Speak is listed by the American  Library Association as one of the top 100 books challenged between the years 2000-2009 and has been banned from some middle and high schools for sexuality, situations of suicidal thoughts in teens, and gritty teenage situations.  School Library Journal interviewed Anderson about Speak after a Missouri man tried to get it banned.  According to Anderson, there was a huge outpouring of support with people  posting comments and stories.  Anderson also received several requests for interviews and comments.  (Source: School Library Journal) Anderson takes a strong stance against censorship and discusses the topic along with her books on her Web site. Movie Adaptations: A movie adaption of Speak was made in 2005 starring Kristen Stewart of Twilight fame. The Author Online: Anderson stays in touch with her fans and provides materials for teachers and librarians on her Web site. Laurie Halse Anderson Trivia: Anderson milked cows and worked on a dairy farm to earn money for college.She loves listening to Mozart’s’ Requiem.A motto that Anderson lives by is: When life gets tough, pick up a book and read. (Source: Simon and Schuster Web site)

Managing a Diverse Workforce in Organizations Essay

Managing a Diverse Workforce in Organizations - Essay Example A diverse workforce also includes people with both physical and mental disabilities, immigrants and people with varying lifestyles. For a diverse workforce to function effectively, the human resource has to understand both the advantages and disadvantages of a diverse workforce. The human resource professional must also be in a position to manage a diverse workforce. In future, diversity will tend to increase with many organizations realizing its benefits. Organizations that enforce immediate action and develop a diverse workforce may experience its benefits. However, there are associated challenges as well. Development and implementation of workplace diversity are important factors that determine organization’s success and competitiveness. There are multiple benefits associated with developing and handling a diverse workforce. A diverse workforce increases the organization’s adaptability to the market. A company handling a diverse workforce has a better chance of solvi ng problems in service and allocation of resources. Employees from diverse backgrounds introduce individual talents and experiences to the organization that ensures increased flexibility in adapting to fluctuations in both the market and customer demands. A diverse workforce increases the level of productivity for the organization (Bedi, Pooman, and Ekanshi, 2014). Development and implementation of workplace diversity are important factors that determine organization’s success and competitiveness.

Leadership handbook scoring rubric Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership handbook scoring rubric - Term Paper Example The handbook is cohesive and has a consistent look and feel. Score: 2 Comments: the book is cohesive and consistent. The flow of information is consistent and the topics follow each other in a logical sequence Overall Presentation (visual elements, report format) The overall presentation of the handbook is not satisfactory and does not include visual elements or a report format. The handbook presentation is satisfactory for some of the sections but not for the entire handbook. The handbook provides an effective overall presentation with visual elements and all articles are in report format. Score: 1 Comments: most of the book is presented in a satisfactory way. There are however some cases in which some improvements such as in the table in page 14. Comprehensiveness The handbook does not provide comprehensive coverage of the selected leadership topics. The handbook provides some comprehensive coverage of the selected leadership topics but does not include major content areas critical for a new manager. The handbook provides a comprehensive coverage of the selected leadership topics and includes the major content areas critical for a new manager. Score: 2 Comments: the book chooses several topics and goes on to address them comprehensively. The book covers the major content areas that would be helpful to a new manager. ... Part B: Leading a Team Introduction From the various tasks that I have been engaged in, I have aimed to maintain a high level of integrity in my work, and remain accountable in the line duty. I have strived to ensure that the quality of my work is as expected. However, I have the self-awareness to recognize that I do have my strengths and weaknesses. The strengths that I possess enable me to be more efficient at my work while the weaknesses may sometimes hinder me from producing the best possible results in my work. Question 1: How the Team can Make Use of My Strengths A notable strength that has helped me achieve success in my work, which may enable me achieve the set objectives in the workplace is the ability to meet the set deadlines within the required amount of time. In meeting the deadlines I was still able to come up with work that was of high quality. This attribute can be used in the team to ensure that the members do not lag behind which would slow the entire team. The team can also make use of this strength to ensure that people do not do the work hurriedly without taking into consideration the quality of the work. Question 2: How to Improve on my Weaknesses One of the weaknesses that I have is that I lack the ability to contribute to a collaborative team environment. During the teamwork, I failed to effectively contribute to the team’s collaborative effort. In improving this weakness, I resolved to be more proactive in group activities as opposed to remaining passive, and only performing the duties that were assigned to me. This will help me develop the ability to be an effective team player. Question 3: How My Team Realized its Goals The team was able to achieve the purpose for its establishment. The team met its

Article Summary for MacroEconomics 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Summary for MacroEconomics 4 - Essay Example The money provided by the package was almost over and the state’s police, firefighters and teachers were going to lose their jobs. President Obama is once again going to appear before the Congress for another $300 million to create jobs and help the economy. Three rounds of stimulus aid have already been provided by president Obama. The round one was openly and fully criticized by the republicans, in round one $200 billion were used to support tax cuts, $300 billion were used or the support of those who did not have jobs and $300 billion were used for direct investment in different projects. The spending on various projects contributed the most in creating jobs. The round two mainly contributed to the bailout of the auto industry of United States and helped a great deal in creating jobs. The money spend on bailout of auto industry was recovered and returned by the auto manufacturers. The step of helping the auto industry was the most successful one as this helped the auto manu facturers in solving their financial issues, this step alone helped in saving more than 1.5 million jobs. Before the bailout program, the auto manufacturers were in very bad shape and were on the verge of being forced out of the market. The bailout of auto manufacturers has a long term positive impact, these firms are currently doing very well and even employing more employees and posting higher profits. The use of stimulus money in other arenas had very little impact and an overall view suggests that stimulus money invested in other sectors was wasted. The round three of stimulus help was quite effective as huge amount of jobs were created because people had money to spend and due to increase in demand for goods and services there was increase in demand for more workers. More than $858 billion was spent as a part of the stimulus package; money was spent on unemployment assistance provided to those who were out of jobs. During summer, the economic growth and employment growth once a gain stopped and jobs created in the private sector decreased. It is even estimated that president Obama will continue providing unemployment assistance to employees. In my opinion, the president could have dealt with the stimulus package in different ways. The stimulus money was used in certain areas that did not turned out to be quite productive. For example: the tax subsidy, the unemployment benefit was of no great help in creating jobs. Whereas certain developments made with the stimulus money were quite helpful in decreasing unemployment in US. For example: investment in projects and bailout of the auto industry. Instead of giving money directly to the unemployed individuals and providing them unemployment benefits, stimulus money could have used to finance and bailout other sectors of the economy. This would have helped businesses with their liquidity issues and they would have saved themselves from being bankrupt. If businesses would not have closed and money would have been used to help these businesses, employment would have increased. Thus the unemployment assistance would not have been important and neither the tax cuts. The businesses that would have been saved with the help of stimulus money would have made money and they would have paid taxes. Taxes are revenue for the government and are necessary for the development of the economy. The taxes

Dupont Case Study Essay Example for Free

Dupont Case Study Essay Tom Harris is the General Manager of Dupont, which is the major employer in their community. Big changes had taken place when the Orlon plant had closed down, but few changes had taken place. Projects such as getting rid of one operation and installing another was being seen as regular business so there was no change management rubric. GM Harris went to the University of Virginia seeking advice from the academic community to bring some of the latest thinking in business to the Dupont plant. He specifically wanted to introduce his managers to new ideas and how to apply those ideas to improving to the plant. He stated he was not looking to improve overall organization effectiveness. He stated he was under increasing pressure to do more with less. A general bulletin was sent out to all employees stating the work culture that would be built. It stated that a representative from University of Virginia would be spending time at the plant and had been asked to give new perspectives on the work being done and the organization as whole. The hope was that it would help develop people and continually improve production. The most important goal was to help the staff appreciate and develop what goes right, assist in building on the strengths and to make the plant work better for everyone. It was also made clear that the representatives presense was not to suggest there was a particular problem, and the result is due to the plants desire to continuously improve. Over a six month time period interviews were conducted with workers and managers. Time was spent in the workplace and the representative learned about the day to day activities at the plant. This produced a description of the shared stock of knowledge that organizational members used to interpret events and generate behavior. What was made explicit with that process was the local widely used everyday common sense model performance unique to the plant and it’s atmosphere. A part of the culture that came out of this fact finding was that the local model of teamwork was organized around a southern stock-car racing metaphor. It was used to explain teamwork and the pattern for accomplishing it. Everyone knew the metaphor, so it was understood. The General Manager and the other managers were surprised to learn of the NASCAR metaphor, but it explained why they had not recognized existing teamwork in the workplace for they had different language used for teamwork. This metaphor gave them a language to introduce change for improvement. It also illuminated of the local meaning of effective supervision, high performance, and what constituted a good day at the plant with making improvements. Managers were instructed to use the findings of the study. It was felt the new understanding could be used to interpret the local meaning of effective work to capitalize on strengths, to expand and develop existing good practices. This would also help to problem solve. It was found too that the findings of the study could also be used as a basis for experiements. There existed a Leadership Core Team who were instructed to introduce change as an experiment. It was to be explained that it was to be tried and watched closely, and if after a designated time it was not working as planned, it can be stopped.

Urban Legend of the Goatman Essay example -- Urban Legends

Goatman Version 1--Montgomery County, Maryland It seemed from my story-collection that nearly everyone knows of some urban legend, but I found one story to be especially interesting because it is a relatively famous legend that has roots here in Maryland. The story of â€Å"The Goatman† has a number of variations, as with most urban legends. My roommate told me that he first heard the story from his parents when he was about 12 years old. He suspected that it was probably a joking attempt to scare him from playing outside so late at night because the sound of the basketball dribbling in the driveway would keep his parents awake. According to his parents, the Goatman was located in the suburbs of Montgomery County (his home), which was probably a detail that his parents modified to make the story scarier. He told a version that took place in Prince Georges County because he had more recently heard this version from someone whom he was unable to remember. The manner in which he recounted the legend was not in a mysterious and suspenseful tone usually used to tell such stories at campfires. He began the story by describing the Goatman’s appearance: It’s a half-man, half-goat creature, with the upper body of a man, horns, a hairy face, and two legs like a goat, kind of like a Devil. It was created in a secret government genetics-type experiment that went wrong. [pause] It got out of its cage, which was really bad because it’s as smart as a human but has no conscience, like an animal. The Goatman has been creeping around at night for years. It kills family pets that are left out at night and attacks people who see him, and it has been able to stay hidden so well because it is so smart. He did not mention where the creature was c... ... threatening to domesticated animals. Variations in the origin of the creature can offer different moral messages within the story, as well. For example, the version of the story that explains the Goatman as the ghost of a deformed outcast of an old Indian tribe demonstrates the consequences for mistreating and abandoning members of our own species. Also, the fact that this sacred, spiritual land has been overbuilt by a college campus represents mankind’s over consumption of, and lack of respect for nature’s resources. The storytelling of the Goatman may have the simple purpose of entertainment for the audience, but like most legends, the stories are likely based on some true event(s), and the way that these events evolve into stories of the uncanny reflect the intention to convey some sort of moral message. Works Cited www.puportal.com www.wikipedia.com

Analyzing Strengths and Weaknesses of Amazon

Strengths Amazon has proven to be a successful and profitable organization in terms of growth, with a current net income in 2008 of 663 million dollars. The company uses Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Information Technology to record customer buying habits, investing a lot of time and money researching customer trends. Doing this they are able to locate and prepare for sales estimated from previous years. A high percentage of their customers buy during the holiday season; knowing this enables Amazon to offer different promotions and selling strategies tailored to meet the customers demand and needs. Amazon has a huge global brand and is listed as 130 on the Fortune 500 list. Amazon was one of the first companies in e-commerce; which has allowed them to hold a huge percentage of the market share. Amazon recently bought JOYO, Chin’s largest online retailer, creating an even bigger market share in China, but still left with room to grow. Amazon’s Inventory turnover rate is phenomenal, even in the current economy. They have been able to maintain a 34 day inventory to turn over, which equals out to over 10 times a year. This is beneficial, because it allows Amazon to adjust to seasonal products and different product trends, without large amounts of excess inventory. Adding to that; Amazon’s total debt has been decreasing year over to a low of $. 67 in 2008. This means that for every $1 Amazon has $. 7 in debt. This has been declining signaling company growth. Weaknesses Amazon has continually added new products and services to customers; and is known for their great customer service and quality products. Something for them to consider is, when adding new products or categories of products, they could damage its brand. In order to be competitive with other companies Amazon has to broaden the range of products, but cannot become a swap meet either.

One Man Two Guvnors Drama Review

One Man Two Guvnors review In a packed theatre, full of audiences from all ages who continuously have a smile on their face; currently rated as a high five stars, One Man Two Guvnors could not be a funnier performance to watch. As soon as I entered the theatre, it was completely packed. I also saw many people from different age groups; this gave me a feeling that the show would be entertaining enough to get people from all ages to come and see the show. The environment of the theatre was very formal, as there was a red and gold layout and it was also very clean.Before the show started there was country singers, this was a very good way to introduce the show as the song was very upbeat and got me feeling more excited. They were dressed in checked shirts and suits; this gave me the feeling straight away that it would be based before the 2000s, which I was right as it is set in 1963. These country singers also came in a few times during the show and sang many more lively songs which I l oved hearing and sung with my friends. The main character that stood out the most to me was the well-known actor James Cordon, whom played a failed skiffle player named Francis who is in need of a job†¦ and a meal!He gets himself in a shuffle, as working as a servant for two masters whom are currently enemies. Many words could describe Francis; funny, dopey, confused, loud, sociable, at times annoying. Not only did he make the audience laugh, he also spoke to them too! For example, asking the audience who has a sandwich, which made the audience get more involved with Francis. He also did return a sandwich and a few other treats when asked! He had also made the audience a part of the performance as he needed some volunteers to get up on stage and help him out in the jobs he had to do. Such as, lifting a trunk and needing help on food preparations.My favourite scene that made Francis impress me the most was when he had to keep his two guvnors away from each other and at the same time serve them both food, whilst they was both opposite doors away from each other in the same hotel! His greedy behaviour of taking some food out of the dishes and keeping them for himself was absolutely hilarious. This is also the scene where he chose someone from the audience to help him take some food and store it in his pot. The way parts of this scene was off script yet still so on track and funny impressed me and I laughed the most at this scene.I also thought that the staging had a big impact to the audience. There were many different scene changes that looked so realistic; the living room, the Brighton pier, the upstairs hotel in The Cricketers Arms and the street outside it. The stage was spacious enough for the actors to move around freely, I still had a clear view even though I sat at the right at the top upper circle. The lighting on stage was very bright as the scenes were mostly indoors or in daylight. The music had suited the plays environment as the music was very upbeat, lively, loud and cheerful.Many instruments were played together to make many amazing songs and sounds. The play would stop in between, the curtains would draw and each time I got more inpatient wanting another song to come. The country singers who sang the songs gave me a warm, yet energetic feeling as I and the audience were clapping along to the rhythm, not to mention singing at the chorus. If these country singers did not perform, the overall play would not have been the same! Another scene that I also enjoyed a lot would be the ending scene, where Francis’ two jobs were revealed, all problems are sorted and the truth comes out.The two love birds are finally together and it’s all just like a fairy tale. This was a good way to end the performance in a happy atmosphere. Overall, I recommend that everyone should watch this performance as they will laugh their socks off just like the rest of the audience. I would rate the play a high 4 star performance as it was a fantastic, memorable experience that definitely made my day and is worth the watch. James Corden as his character Francis James Corden as his character Francis Rachel and Stanley whom are in love Rachel and Stanley whom are in love

The Powerful Praetor Roman Magistrate

The Powerful Praetor Roman Magistrate A praetor was one of the greater Roman magistrates with imperium or legal power. They led armies, presided in law courts, and administered the law. Judging matters between citizens was the job of one specific magistrate, the praetor urbanus (city praetor). Since he was in charge of the city, he was only allowed to leave the city for a period of up to 10 days. For matters outside Rome, the praetor peregrinus settled cases among foreigners. Over the years, they added additional praetors to handle matters in the provinces, but originally, there were two praetors. Two more were added in 227 B.C. when Rome annexed Sicily and Sardinia; then, two more were added for Hispania (Spain) in 197 B.C. Later, Sulla and Julius Caesar added even more praetors. Responsibilities A costly responsibility for the praetor was the production of the public games. Running for praetor was part of the cursus honorum. The rank of praetor was second only to the position of consul. Like the consuls, praetors were entitled to sit on the honored sella curulis, the folding curule chair, traditionally made of ivory. Like the other magistracies, a praetor was a member of the senate. Just as there were proconsuls for the period after their year as consuls, so there were also propraetors. Propraetors and proconsuls served as governors of provinces after their terms in office. Roman Magistrates With Imperium Examples: Let the praetor be judge of the law in private actions, with power of passing sentence-he is the proper guardian of civil jurisprudence. Let him have as many colleagues, of equal power, as the senate think necessary, and the commons allow him.Let two magistrates be invested with sovereign authority, and be entitled praetors, judges, or consuls, in respect of presiding, judging, or counselling, according to the nature of the case. Let them have absolute authority over the army, for the safety of the people is the supreme law. This magistracy should not be determined in less than ten years-regulating the duration by the annual law.Cicero De Leg.III Before Sulla added functions, the praetor presided in cases of quaestiones perpetuae, the cases of: repetundaeambitus, majestaspeculatus Sulla added falsum, de sicariis et veneficis, and de parricidis. About half of the candidates for praetor during the last generation of the Republic came from consular families, according to Erich S. Gruen, in The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. The praetor Urbanus P. Licinius Varus fixed the date of the Ludi Apollinaris.